HGH Fragment 176-191
HGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxy-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically encompassing amino acid residues 176 through 191. Often referred to as the “lipolytic fragment,” this 16-amino-acid sequence has attracted considerable scientific interest because it retains the fat-metabolizing properties of full-length hGH while avoiding many of the hormone’s broader systemic effects. The peptide was originally identified through systematic studies aimed at mapping the functional domains of human growth hormone. Researchers at Monash University in Australia discovered that the C-terminal portion of hGH was primarily responsible for its effects on lipid metabolism. This led to the synthesis and characterization of Fragment 176-191, and subsequently its modified derivative AOD9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug 9604), which features a tyrosine-tophenylalanine substitution at the N-terminus for enhanced stability. Unlike full-length hGH, Fragment 176-191 does not bind to the growth hormone receptor and does not stimulate the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This selectivity is what makes the peptide uniquely valuable in metabolic research: it allows scientists to study the lipolytic pathways of growth hormone independently of the anabolic, growth-promoting, and insulin-disrupting effects that complicate full hGH administration. Molecular Formula: C₇₈H₁₂₃N₂₃O₂₂S₂ Molecular Weight: 1799.1 g/mol Amino Acid Sequence: Phe-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe CAS Number: 66004-57-7 Source: PubChem
How It Works
HGH Fragment 176-191 operates through several distinct molecular mechanisms that differentiate it from full-length human growth hormone. Understanding these pathways is essential for appreciating why this peptide has become a focal point in metabolic and regenerative research.
Primary Mechanism: Lipolysis via Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptor Upregulation The principal mechanism of action for Fragment 176-191 involves the upregulation of beta-3 adrenergic receptors (β3-AR or ADRB3) in adipose tissue. These receptors are the primary lipolytic receptors found on fat cells and play a central role in regulating fat breakdown and
energy expenditure. When Fragment 176-191 is administered chronically, it increases the expression of β3-AR mRNA in white adipose tissue. In obese animal models, where β3-AR expression is characteristically suppressed, the peptide restores receptor levels to those seen in lean controls. This restoration of receptor density re-sensitizes adipose tissue to catecholaminedriven lipolysis, effectively switching fat cells from a storage-dominant state to an active fatoxidation state.
Enzyme Modulation: Hormone-Sensitive Lipase and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase At the enzymatic level, Fragment 176-191 stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), the enzyme directly responsible for hydrolyzing stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Simultaneously, the peptide inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo lipogenesis (the creation of new fat from non-lipid substrates). This dual action—promoting fat breakdown while suppressing fat synthesis—creates a net negative lipid balance in adipose tissue. The fragment also mimics the effect of intact growth hormone on diacylglycerol release in adipocytes, suggesting it engages similar intracellular signaling cascades for lipid mobilization.
Independent of the Growth Hormone Receptor
A critical distinction of Fragment 176-191 is that it does not compete for binding at the growth hormone receptor (GHR). In vitro studies using BaF-BO3 cells transfected with the hGH receptor confirmed that AOD9604 does not displace radiolabeled hGH from the receptor and does not induce receptor-mediated cell proliferation. This means the peptide’s metabolic effects occur through pathways entirely independent of classical GH signaling, which is why it does not elevate IGF-1 levels, alter insulin sensitivity, or promote tissue growth.
Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation
Beyond receptor upregulation, Fragment 176-191 directly increases resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation rates. Even in β3-AR knockout animal models (where the receptor is entirely absent), acute administration of the peptide still produced measurable increases in energy expenditure and fat oxidation. This finding indicates that while chronic lipolytic effects depend on β3-AR expression, the peptide also engages at least one additional, receptor-independent pathway to stimulate metabolic activity. The identity of this secondary mechanism remains an active area of investigation.
Cartilage and Connective Tissue Mechanisms
Emerging research has revealed that Fragment 176-191 may also influence connective tissue biology, particularly in cartilage. When injected intra-articularly, the peptide enhanced cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis models. The mechanism appears to involve direct stimulation of chondrocyte activity and extracellular matrix synthesis, though the specific signaling pathways
remain under investigation. The cartilage-regenerative effects were potentiated when the peptide was co-administered with hyaluronic acid, suggesting synergistic interactions between the peptide and the joint’s native glycosaminoglycan matrix.
Research Benefits Fat Loss and Body Composition The most extensively documented benefit of Fragment 176-191 is its ability to promote fat loss and improve body composition in animal models. Chronic administration in genetically obese mice produced a nearly 50% reduction in weight gain over a three-week treatment course. This effect was specifically associated with reductions in white adipose tissue mass, increased plasma glycerol levels (indicating active lipolysis), and elevated rates of fat oxidation. Notably, the fat-loss effects of Fragment 176-191 were observed exclusively in obese animals. Lean mice maintained normal body weight even when exposed to the peptide, suggesting the existence of secondary regulatory mechanisms that override β3-AR-mediated lipolysis when body weight is at or near ideal levels. This selectivity is of significant interest because it implies the peptide may be able to reduce excess adiposity without inducing pathological weight loss in individuals who are already at a healthy weight.
Blood Sugar Regulation
Research in animal models has demonstrated that the C-terminal region of hGH is primarily responsible for the hormone’s hypoglycemic (blood-sugar-lowering) effects. Systematic testing of at least six different fragments derived from this section of hGH established that Fragment 176-191 is the most effective synthetic derivative for reducing blood glucose levels. This effect is mediated through a sustained increase in plasma insulin levels, making the peptide of interest as a potential research tool for studying prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mechanisms. Critically, unlike full-length hGH—which can induce hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with chronic administration—Fragment 176-191 does not negatively impact glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. Clinical-trial-grade studies have confirmed that the peptide produces no changes in glucose levels, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity when compared to placebo.
Cartilage Regeneration and Osteoarthritis
A 2015 study published in the Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science demonstrated that Fragment 176-191 (as AOD9604) promotes cartilage regeneration in a collagenase-induced osteoarthritis model in rabbits. Weekly intra-articular injections of the peptide produced significant improvements in gross morphological scores and histopathological measures of
cartilage integrity compared to saline controls. When co-administered with hyaluronic acid, the effects were even more pronounced: the combined treatment produced greater cartilage regeneration and shorter lameness periods than either compound administered alone. These findings suggest potential applications in joint repair and osteoarthritis management research.
Safety Relative to Full-Length hGH
One of the most significant benefits of Fragment 176-191 is its favorable safety profile compared to full-length human growth hormone. While hGH administration is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, acromegaly, cancer risk, hypertension, and edema, Fragment 176-191 avoids these complications because it does not bind the growth hormone receptor, does not elevate IGF1 levels, and does not stimulate cell proliferation. A 2013 meta-analysis of six clinical-trial-grade studies confirmed that the peptide produced no changes in physical findings, laboratory parameters, glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, IGF-1 levels, or rates of adverse events when compared to placebo.
What the Science Shows
Study 1: Hyperglycemic Action of Synthetic C-Terminal Fragments of Human Growth Hormone (Ng and Bornstein, 1978) This foundational study was among the first to characterize the metabolic activity of the Cterminal domain of hGH. Researchers synthesized several fragments from this region and tested their effects on blood sugar regulation in animal models. The results established that Fragment 176-191 was the most potent of the tested derivatives for lowering blood glucose, and that this effect was mediated through increases in circulating insulin levels. This study laid the groundwork for all subsequent research into the metabolic applications of hGH-derived fragments. Citation: Ng FM, Bornstein J. Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(5):E521-526.
Study 2: Effects of hGH and AOD9604 on Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice and β3AR Knockout Mice (Heffernan et al., 2001) This landmark study investigated the lipolytic mechanisms of both full-length hGH and Fragment 176-191 (AOD9604) using obese mice and β3-adrenergic receptor knockout mice. After 14 days of chronic intraperitoneal administration, both compounds reduced body weight and body fat in obese animals, with corresponding increases in β3-AR mRNA expression. In β3AR knockout mice, the chronic lipolytic effects were absent, confirming the importance of this
receptor in the long-term weight-loss mechanism. However, in acute experiments, AOD9604 still increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation even in knockout animals, demonstrating the existence of an additional, receptor-independent metabolic pathway. Citation: Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and β3-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189.
Study 3: Increase of Fat Oxidation and Weight Loss in Obese Mice (Heffernan et al., 2001) This companion study evaluated the chronic effects of hGH and AOD9604 on body weight, energy balance, and substrate oxidation rates in obese (ob/ob) and lean C57BL/6J mice over a 14-day treatment period. Both compounds significantly reduced body weight gain in obese mice, with associated increases in fat oxidation and plasma glycerol levels (indicating enhanced lipolysis). Unlike hGH, however, AOD9604 did not induce hyperglycemia or reduce insulin secretion. In vitro assays confirmed that AOD9604 does not compete for the hGH receptor and does not induce receptor-mediated cell proliferation, confirming it acts through a pathway entirely novel to traditional growth hormone signaling. Citation: Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified Cterminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449.
Study 4: Metabolic Studies of AOD9604 (Ng et al., 2000) This study characterized the metabolic actions of the synthetic lipolytic domain AOD9604 (corresponding to amino acid residues 177-191 of hGH with a tyrosine substitution). The researchers demonstrated that AOD9604 stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase and inhibits acetylCoA carboxylase in isolated rat adipose tissue, mimicking the lipid-mobilizing actions of intact hGH. Chronic treatment of obese Zucker rats for 20 days reduced body weight gain and decreased average adipocyte cell size from 110 to 80 micrometers in diameter. Importantly, unlike full-length hGH, AOD9604 did not induce insulin resistance or glucose intolerance after chronic treatment. Citation: Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274278.
Study 5: Safety and Tolerability of AOD9604 in Humans (Stier et al., 2013) This meta-analysis evaluated six randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies (Phase
IIb clinical trial standard) assessing the safety and tolerability of Fragment 176-191 (AOD9604) in human subjects, involving approximately 900 participants. Both intravenous and oral administration routes were evaluated. The analysis found that AOD9604 demonstrated a safety and tolerability profile indistinguishable from placebo. Specifically, there were no changes in physical examination findings, laboratory parameters, glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, IGF-1 levels, or rates of adverse events (including headache) when compared to placebo controls. Citation: Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and tolerability of the hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15.
Study 6: AOD9604 with Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model (Kwon and Park, 2015) This study investigated the effects of intra-articular AOD9604 injections, alone and in combination with hyaluronic acid, in a collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis model in 32 New Zealand white rabbits. Four treatment groups received weekly injections over 4 to 7 weeks: saline control, hyaluronic acid alone, AOD9604 alone, and AOD9604 combined with hyaluronic acid. The combination group showed significantly better gross morphological and histopathological scores than all other groups. The lameness period in the combination group was significantly shorter than in all other groups. The study concluded that intra-articular AOD9604 enhanced cartilage regeneration, and that combined treatment with hyaluronic acid was more effective than either compound alone. Citation: Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-432.
Dosing Protocol
The following dosing information is derived from published research literature and is presented for educational reference purposes only. Fragment 176-191 is sold exclusively for in-vitro laboratory research use.
Standard Research Protocol
The most commonly referenced research dosing protocol for Fragment 176-191 involves subcutaneous administration at 250 to 500 mcg per injection, administered one to two times daily. In clinical trials, the standard evaluated dose was 300 mcg per day. Administration is typically performed in a fasted state to maximize the lipolytic effect, as circulating insulin can attenuate the peptide’s fat-oxidizing activity.
Dosing by Research Application Application
Protocol
Duration
Fat Loss Research
250-500 mcg/day, subcutaneous, fasted
4-12 weeks
Blood Sugar Studies
250-300 mcg/day, subcutaneous
4-8 weeks
Cartilage/Joint Research
250 mcg intra-articular, weekly
4-7 weeks (per Kwon et al.)
Reconstitution Instructions
Fragment 176-191 is supplied in lyophilized (freeze-dried) form for maximum stability. To reconstitute the peptide for research use:
Using a sterile syringe, slowly inject 1 to 2 mL of bacteriostatic water (BAC water) into the vial containing the lyophilized powder.
Direct the stream of water against the glass wall of the vial rather than directly onto the powder to avoid damaging the peptide.
Gently swirl the vial until the powder is fully dissolved. Do not shake vigorously, as this can denature the peptide.
Once reconstituted, store the solution in the refrigerator at 2-8°C (36-46°F). Reconstituted peptide remains stable for up to 30 days under refrigeration.
Reconstitution Concentration Reference Vial Size
BAC Water Added
Concentration
Volume per 250 mcg
6 mg
1.0 mL
6 mg/mL (6000 mcg/mL)
0.042 mL (4.2 units)
6 mg
1.5 mL
4 mg/mL (4000 mcg/mL)
0.063 mL (6.3 units)
6 mg
2.0 mL
3 mg/mL (3000 mcg/mL)
0.083 mL (8.3 units)
Side Effects Clinical Trial Data The most robust safety data for Fragment 176-191 comes from a 2013 meta-analysis of six
randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies involving approximately 900 human participants. This analysis found that the peptide demonstrated a safety and tolerability profile indistinguishable from placebo. Specifically, no statistically significant differences were observed between the peptide and placebo groups in physical examination findings, laboratory parameters, glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, IGF-1 levels, or the incidence of adverse events.
Common Reported Effects
In research and anecdotal contexts, the following mild and transient effects have been reported:
Mild redness, irritation, or soreness at the injection site
Transient headache (reported at rates comparable to placebo in clinical trials)
Mild drowsiness or fatigue
Temporary water retention (uncommon)
What Fragment 176-191 Does NOT Cause
One of the most important safety distinctions of Fragment 176-191 is the list of adverse effects it does not produce, in contrast to full-length human growth hormone:
No increase in insulin resistance or diabetes risk
No elevation of IGF-1 levels
No induction of acromegaly or abnormal bone growth
No stimulation of cell proliferation
No hypertension or significant edema
No antibody formation against the peptide
Contraindications and Precautions
While Fragment 176-191 has demonstrated an excellent safety profile in clinical research, the following precautions should be observed in research contexts:
Pregnancy and Lactation: The peptide has not been studied in pregnant or lactating subjects. Research use in these populations should be avoided due to insufficient safety data.
Active Cancer: Although Fragment 176-191 does not stimulate cell proliferation (unlike full-length hGH), subjects with active malignancies should be excluded from research protocols as a precautionary measure.
Pediatric Subjects: The peptide has not been evaluated in pediatric populations and should not be used in research involving minors.
Known Peptide Hypersensitivity: Subjects with documented hypersensitivity to synthetic peptides or any component of the formulation should be excluded.
Active Diabetes or Severe Metabolic Dysfunction: While the peptide does not impair glucose metabolism, subjects with active diabetes or significant metabolic conditions should have any investigational protocol reviewed by an endocrinologist.
Concurrent Growth Hormone Therapy: Co-administration with exogenous hGH or GHreleasing peptides has not been systematically studied and may produce unpredictable interactions.
Comparison
Understanding how Fragment 176-191 relates to other peptides and compounds used in metabolic and body composition research helps clarify its unique position in the peptide landscape.
Fragment 176-191 vs. Full-Length Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Parameter
Fragment 176-191
Full-Length hGH
Lipolysis
Yes
Yes
IGF-1 Elevation
No
Yes
Insulin Resistance
No
Yes (chronic)
Cell Proliferation
No
Yes
Muscle Anabolism
No
Yes
Bone Growth
No
Yes
Acromegaly Risk
None
Possible
GH Receptor Binding
No
Yes
Fragment 176-191 vs. AOD9604
Fragment 176-191 and AOD9604 are closely related but not identical. Fragment 176-191 is the unmodified C-terminal peptide (amino acids 176-191) of human growth hormone with the native phenylalanine at the N-terminus. AOD9604 is a modified version that substitutes tyrosine for the native phenylalanine at the N-terminus, a change designed to enhance peptide stability and
potentially improve bioactivity. In published research, the two terms are often used interchangeably, though they are technically distinct molecules. The clinical trial data (Stier et al., 2013) specifically evaluated AOD9604, while earlier mechanistic studies used both the native fragment and the modified version.
Fragment 176-191 vs. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Semaglutide, Tirzepatide) GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide and tirzepatide achieve weight loss primarily through appetite suppression, delayed gastric emptying, and central satiety signaling. Fragment 176-191 operates through an entirely different mechanism: direct stimulation of lipolysis and fat oxidation in adipose tissue without any effect on appetite or gastrointestinal motility. This distinction means the two classes of compounds may serve complementary roles in metabolic research, targeting different nodes of energy homeostasis.
Success Tips
The following tips are derived from published research protocols and are provided for educational reference in the context of laboratory research:
Administer in a Fasted State: Research protocols consistently emphasize fasted-state administration to maximize the peptide’s lipolytic effects. Circulating insulin attenuates fat oxidation, so administering the peptide during periods of low insulin activity optimizes its mechanism of action.
Maintain Consistent Timing: Studies achieving significant results used consistent daily administration schedules. Irregular dosing may reduce the cumulative upregulation of β3adrenergic receptors that underlies the peptide’s chronic lipolytic effects.
Use Proper Reconstitution Technique: Always reconstitute with bacteriostatic water, direct the water stream against the vial wall (not directly onto the lyophilized cake), and swirl gently rather than shaking to preserve peptide integrity.
Store Properly: Reconstituted peptide should be refrigerated at 2-8°C and used within 30 days. Lyophilized powder can be stored at room temperature for several weeks but should be frozen at -20°C to -80°C for long-term storage.
Subcutaneous Injection Sites: Rotate injection sites (abdominal area is commonly used in research) to minimize localized irritation.
Allow Adequate Treatment Duration: The chronic β3-AR upregulation that drives the peptide’s primary lipolytic mechanism requires sustained administration. Research protocols typically span 4 to 12 weeks for fat-loss studies.
Verify Peptide Purity: Use only research-grade peptide with verified purity (≥99%) confirmed by HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis.
Storage and Handling
Proper storage and handling are essential for maintaining peptide stability and ensuring reliable research results.
Lyophilized (Powder) Form
Short-term storage (weeks to months): Room temperature is generally acceptable. The lyophilized form is stable at room temperature for several weeks to months.
Medium-term storage (months): Refrigerate at 2-8°C (36-46°F) for optimal preservation.
Long-term storage (months to years): Freeze at -20°C to -80°C (-4°F to -112°F). This is the optimal approach for preserving peptide integrity over extended periods.
Reconstituted (Solution) Form
Must be refrigerated at 2-8°C (36-46°F) immediately after reconstitution.
Remains stable for up to 30 days under continuous refrigeration.
Protect from light at all times. Store in the original vial or an amber container.
General Handling Guidelines
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, as these degrade peptide structure and reduce bioactivity.
Use sterile technique during reconstitution and aliquoting to prevent microbial contamination.
For extended storage, consider aliquoting the reconstituted solution into single-use volumes to minimize freeze-thaw exposure.
Ship in lyophilized form whenever possible. Lyophilized peptides are stable at ambient temperatures during transit for 3-4 months.
Legal Status
Fragment 176-191 occupies a specific regulatory position that varies by jurisdiction and intended use:
United States: Fragment 176-191 is legal to purchase and possess for in-vitro laboratory research purposes. It is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment, prevention, or cure of any medical condition. It is classified as a research chemical, not a dietary supplement or controlled substance. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA): Fragment 176-191 and AOD9604 are listed on the WADA Prohibited List under the category of growth hormone fragments. Athletes subject to WADA testing should be aware that detection of this peptide constitutes a doping violation. All products sold under the Fragment 176-191 designation are intended exclusively for in-vitro laboratory research and are not approved for human consumption, clinical treatment, or any diagnostic purpose.
Frequently Asked Questions What is the difference between Fragment 176-191 and AOD9604? Fragment 176-191 is the native C-terminal peptide (amino acids 176-191) of human growth hormone with the original phenylalanine at position 176. AOD9604 is a modified version that substitutes tyrosine for phenylalanine at the N-terminus to enhance stability. The two terms are frequently used interchangeably in the research literature, though they are technically distinct molecules. The key clinical trial safety data specifically evaluated AOD9604. Does Fragment 176-191 increase IGF-1 levels? No. Multiple studies, including the 2013 meta-analysis of six clinical trials, have confirmed that Fragment 176-191 does not elevate IGF-1 levels. This is because the peptide does not bind the growth hormone receptor, which is the pathway through which hGH stimulates hepatic IGF-1 production. Will Fragment 176-191 cause insulin resistance? No. Unlike full-length hGH, which can induce hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with chronic administration, Fragment 176-191 does not alter glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. Clinical trial data confirmed no differences in glucose or insulin parameters compared to placebo. Does Fragment 176-191 build muscle? No. Fragment 176-191 was specifically selected for its ability to avoid the anabolic (musclebuilding) effects of full-length hGH. The peptide does not bind the growth hormone receptor and does not stimulate cell proliferation, so it does not produce muscle hypertrophy.
Can Fragment 176-191 be taken orally?
The 2013 safety meta-analysis evaluated both intravenous and oral administration routes and found comparable safety profiles for both. However, subcutaneous injection is the most commonly used route in research protocols due to more predictable bioavailability. Does Fragment 176-191 work in lean subjects? Interestingly, research in mice showed that the peptide’s weight-loss effects were observed only in obese animals. Lean mice maintained normal body weight when exposed to Fragment 176191, suggesting the existence of secondary regulatory mechanisms that override lipolysis when body weight is at or near ideal levels. How long does it take to see research results? In animal studies, measurable reductions in body weight and adipose tissue were observed within 14 days of daily administration. Research protocols typically span 4 to 12 weeks for comprehensive evaluation of fat-loss outcomes. Is Fragment 176-191 detectable on drug tests? Yes. Fragment 176-191 and AOD9604 are listed on the WADA Prohibited List and are detectable through advanced anti-doping testing methods. Athletes and individuals subject to workplace or athletic drug testing should be aware of this. Can Fragment 176-191 be combined with other peptides? Some research protocols have combined Fragment 176-191 with growth hormone-releasing peptides such as CJC-1295 or Ipamorelin, though the safety and efficacy of such combinations have not been systematically evaluated in controlled clinical trials. Co-administration with hyaluronic acid has been studied in the context of osteoarthritis research, with positive results.
References
1. Ng FM, Bornstein J. Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(5):E521-526. 2. Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and β3-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189. 3. Ferrer-Lorente R, Cabot C, Fernández-López JA, Alemany M. Combined effects of oleoylestrone and a beta3-adrenergic agonist (CL316,243) on lipid stores of diet-induced overweight male Wistar rats. Life Sci. 2005;77(16):2051-2058.
4. Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. 5. Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and tolerability of the hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15. 6. Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, Summers R, Conway-Campbell B, Waters MJ, Ng FM. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449. 7. Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-432.